Objective  To  explore the correlations between the levels of  serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and microRNA-126 (miR-126)  and arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis.Methods  From March 2017 to March 2019, 200 patients who were hospitalized in our hospital for maintenance hemodialysis were divided into internal fistula stenosis group(62 cases) and internal fistula non stenosis group(138 cases). The general data of the two groups were analyzed; the level of serum sVCAM-1 was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the serum miR-126 level was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), at the same time, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hemoglobin (HB), serum creatinine (Scr), blood calcium, blood phosphorus, urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP) and other biochemical indexes were detected by automatic biochemical instrument; the correlation between the levels of serum sVCAM-1 and miR-126 in patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis during maintenance hemodialysis and the diagnostic values was analyzed; and the factors that affect the stenosis of arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients were analyzed.Results  The levels of CRP and sVCAM-1 in the stenosis group were significantly higher than those in the non stenosis group (all P<0.05), and miR-126 was significantly lower than that in the non stenosis group (P<0.05); the levels of serum sVCAM-1 and miR-126 were negatively correlated in patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis (r=-0.600, P<0.05); the area under curve (AUC) of levels of serum sVCAM-1 and miR-126 in the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients were 0.813 and 0.882 respectively, the specificities were 78.3% and 75.4% respectively, and the sensitivities were 72.6% and 87.1% respectively; the AUC of the combination in the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients was 0.931, the specificity was 86.2%, and the sensitivity was 87.1%; the high expression of sVCAM-1 and low expression of miR-126 were risk factors of arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients.Conclusions  The levels of serum sVCAM-1 and miR-126 may be closely related to arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients.